Our Methodology
Overview
Before embarking on the process of creating a website, we conducted a little research into seeing what kind of resources are already available for adoptees, families of adoptees and people interested in adoption. A few of the resources that we found were blogs, websites, books, online forums, podcasts, YouTube channels etc. Many of the resources were from adoption agencies or organizations, with only a few created by adoptees None of them contained scientific research and theory that connected to real lived experiences as adoptees. As honors students, we know the value of understanding the broader context behind issues and wanted to include an academic approach to our project, applying the research and critical thinking skills we have gained. We also discovered that adoptees felt like the resources were not highlighting their experiences enough. Therefore, we determined our own unique combination of both academic research and personal experiences could contribute toward enriching what resources are already present.
Our approach to this project was to create a resource for those within the adoption community who wanted to learn more about the adoptee experience. We wanted to share our personal stories to help people gain an insight into the life of an adoptee but have paired it with educational elements so that people would be able to gain a broader understanding of the context behind our stories. We felt that providing an academic viewpoint and historical facts was important because every adoptee experience is different and we do not want people to base their perceptions of adoption only on our stories. We determined that a website would be the most effective and efficient way to share our research with a large audience, as it is easily accessible. Since our project contains so many components, a website was also the most optimal format to showcase them all. We wanted the project to be very comprehensive, which is why we chose to have a timeline, blog posts, and a memoir.
Timeline
Adoption history within the United States has seen many changes over the decades and we felt that it was important for people in the adoption community to learn about their history. Since the subject is very broad, we narrowed our focus on the United States’ history with international adoption, as we are both international adoptees, and also focused on more recent adoption history because it would be the most relevant. Our goal was to determine the most significant moments in U.S. history that related to international adoption. After conducting initial research, we chose twelve events that we wanted to highlight in the timeline and each one was then researched. Many of the moments are related to U.S. laws on adoption. This was important to include because those laws have such a direct impact on international adoptees' legal rights in the country. Each event demonstrates the country's increased awareness about adoption. Our research for the timeline came from a variety of sources, such as newspaper articles from the time period or Congressional legislation. We also looked at online archives from the U.S. Department of State. Next, we used an online interactive timeline creator that helped us connect our events to each other and gave us the ability to add pictures, documents, videos and short podcasts to enhance the timeline. Finally, we embedded the interactive timeline into the website which made it easily accessible to our website visitors. We felt that an interactive timeline would be more engaging for visitors and encourage them to learn more than simply creating a single webpage with a list of events.
Blog Posts
Before writing our blog posts, we complied a list of various experiences that adoptees from our club, the WWU Adoptees Alliance have had. We initially created the club as a way for adoptees to connect and build a community on campus. When we first had the idea of doing our project around the adoptee experience, we felt that it would be beneficial to incorporate the shared experiences of our club members and other adoptees. As members were sharing their stories, we found reoccurring common themes that we used as inspiration for the blog post topics. After the brainstorming sessions with our club, we chose six general themes from across all of our experiences. The themes we selected fell under the following categories, “adoptee identity and acceptance”, “finding a place to belong” and “communities of and for adoptees”. After that, we chose certain topics that we felt most drawn to and wrote our blog posts, relying all on our personal background. After we had written and revised a post, we would start the process of finding research related to the topic. We used the Western Libraries online databases to find scholarly journal articles and studies to gain a general insight into what academics have said on the topic. We would then summarize these articles and incorporate them into the blog post. If there was no academic research on a subject, we would seek out other sources. These sources would be news articles written on the topic, often by experts within the field.
Ultimately, we felt that it was necessary for us to share our personal experiences as adoptees growing up so that people could understand our mindsets and how we perceive the world. This was important to us because we did not feel like there were enough resources out there that specifically promoted the adoptee experience. Thus, we decided that blog posts would be the best way to do that.
Book
Iris Hubbard wrote the personal memoir on her own and will be sharing her approach to the process below.
I was first inspired to write a children's book about my own experiences as an adoptee after reading Amy Sonnichsen's novel, Red Butterfly. Red Butterfly is written in verse and what really resonated with me was the fact that many of the emotions the main character, Kara experienced were quite similar to my own thoughts and feelings. I was curious if I could write about growing up as an adoptee and if it other adoptees would be able to relate to it. A few months later, I had the opportunity to interview Amy and learn more about her writing process as well as the inspiration behind her book. She encouraged me to pursue my idea of writing a book about my experiences. Before writing my book, I wanted to conduct a little research into what kind of children's books are already out there around adoption and how they are written. After compiling a list of children's books around adoption, I found that nearly all of the books were published between the late 1990s to the early 2000s and were written by parents or family members of adoptees. There were even authors who had no connections to adoption. I found it interesting that I couldn't find a single book that was written by an adoptee. This further inspired me to share my story in the form of a children's book.
I started the process of writing my book by outlining my life as major events. I began with the most pivotal moments that I felt greatly impacted my life as an adoptee. One event that really stood out, was the moment at my older sister’s wedding when I was asked by the photographer, “Are you related to them?” This comment was so emotionally charged that I knew this event need to be included in my story. From there, I drafted my children’s book using that wedding moment as the starting point of when I realized I looked different than my family. Once my draft was finished and revised, I hired a student with editorial experience to look over my draft and provide feedback about whether or not my book seemed appropriate for a young audience. I agreed with much of the feedback I was given, but there were a certain moments that I left in because because I wanted to keep my story as close to the truth as possible. Despite my editor’s suggestions, I knew that even young children might be able to grasp the concepts and ideas I was trying to explain. The next step of the process was to find an illustrator. I was able to find my illustrator through a friend. I shared my vision of some ideas I wanted to convey through the pictures, but ultimately gave my illustrator the creative freedom to bring my story to life. The final step of the writing process was to self publish my book. I went through an online self publishing website called Draft 2 Digital, which allowed me to self publish my book electronically and for free.
Complete References List
Reference List for Interactive Timeline
“4 Things You Should Know About The Hague Adoption Convention.” Show Hope, 6 June 2014, showhope.org/2014/06/06/hague-adoption-convention/.
“A Push to Protect Adult Adoptees From Deportation.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/retroactive-citizenship-adult-adoptees-n318581.
“About National Adoption Day.” National Adoption Day, www.nationaladoptionday.org/.
“Adoption.” U.S. Embassy in Nepal, np.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/child-family-matters/adoption/.
Baitel, Shai. “Russia's Adoption Ban Two Years Later.” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 1 Mar. 2015, www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/russias-adoption-ban-two_b_6399064.html.
“Child Citizenship Act of 2000.” Immigration Information and Visa Law Guide, Law Offices of Curtis Pierce, www.cpvisa.com/Child_Cit_Act.html.
Chishti, Muzaffar, et al. “Fifty Years On, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Continues to Reshape the United States.” Migrationpolicy.org, Migration Policy Institute, 15 Oct. 2015, www.migrationpolicy.org/article/fifty-years-1965-immigration-and-nationality-act-continues-reshape-united-states.
Christopher, Cruise. “Americans Can Again Adopt Vietnamese Children.” Learning English, VOA, 29 Nov. 2014, learningenglish.voanews.com/a/vietnam-restarts-adoptions-of-children-by-americans/2533564.html.
“Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption.” HCCH, Hague Conference on Private International Law, www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/full-text/?cid=69.
Craft, Carrie. “What Is the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption?” Live About, 4 Apr. 2017, www.liveabout.com/hague-convention-on-intercountry-adoption-27310.
Curry, Elizabeth. “Why the Decline in International Adoptions?” Adoption.com, 14 Apr. 2016, adoption.com/why-the-decline-in-international-adoptions.
Editors, History.com. “U.S. Immigration Since 1965.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 5 Mar. 2010, www.history.com/topics/immigration/us-immigration-since-1965.
“FAQ: Child Citizenship Act of 2000.” Travel.State.Gov, U.S. Department of State- Bureau of Consular Affairs, travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/adopt_ref.html.
“Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption; Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000; Consular Officer Procedures in Convention Cases.” Federal Register, National Archives, 30 Oct. 2007, www.federalregister.gov/documents/2007/10/30/E7-21340/hague-convention-on-intercountry-adoption-intercountry-adoption-act-of-2000-consular-officer.
“Hague Process.” Official Website of the Department of Homeland Security, US Citizenship and Immigration Services, 19 Oct. 2017, www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/hague-process.
“History of National Adoption Month.” National Adoption Month 2018 In Their Own Words: Lifting Up Youth Voices, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, www.childwelfare.gov/topics/adoption/nam/about/history/.
Hosseini, Bijan. “Ethiopia Bans Foreign Adoption.” CNN, Cable News Network, 3 Feb. 2018, www.cnn.com/2018/01/11/africa/ethiopia-foreign-adoption-ban/index.html.
“Immigration and Nationality Act.” Official Website of the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, www.uscis.gov/legal-resources/immigration-and-nationality-act.
Intercountry Adoption Act. International Adoption Help, www.internationaladoptionhelp.com/international_adoption/intercountry_adoption_act.htm.
“Intercountry Adoption Act.” Child Adoption Laws , www.childadoptionlaws.com/child_adoption_laws/adoption_laws_intercountry_adoption_act.htm.
Joyce, Kathryn. “Why Adoption Plays Such a Big, Contentious Role in US-Russia Relations.” Vox.com, Vox Media, 22 July 2017, www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/7/21/16005500/adoption-russia-us-orphans-abuse-trump.
Kopan, Tal. “Why Is Everyone Talking about Russian Adoptions?” CNN Politics, CNN, 21 July 2017, www.cnn.com/2017/07/21/politics/russian-adoptions-magnitsky-act/index.html.
Lipman, Masha. “What's Behind the Russian Adoption Ban?” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 21 Dec. 2012, www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/whats-behind-the-russian-adoption-ban.
Martin, Rachel. “American To Stand Trial Over Guatemalan Adoptions.” NPR, NPR, 27 Apr. 2017, www.npr.org/2017/04/27/525833219/american-to-stand-trial-over-guatemalan-adoptions.
Mellon, Jennifer. “Why Some Countries Are Closed To Intercountry Adoption.” Adoption.com, 1 Apr. 2017, adoption.com/why-some-countries-are-closed-to-intercountry-adoption.
Montgomery, Mark. “International Adoptions Have Dropped 72 Percent since 2005 – Here's Why.” The Conversation, The Conversation, 28 Feb. 2018, theconversation.com/international-adoptions-have-dropped-72-percent-since-2005-heres-why-91809.
“National Adoption Day.” Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption, www.davethomasfoundation.org/our-programs/national-adoption-day/.
“National Adoption Day 2018.” National Awareness Days Events Calendar 2018 & 2019, www.awarenessdays.com/awareness-days-calendar/national-adoption-day-2018/.
Nehrbass, Daniel. “Why Are International Adoptions on the Decline?” RainbowKids.com, 7 Feb. 2018, www.rainbowkids.com/adoption-stories/why-are-international-adoptions-on-the-decline-2123.
Penichet-Paul, Christian. “Adoptee Citizenship Act of 2018: Bill Summary.” National Immigration Forum, 22 Mar. 2018, immigrationforum.org/article/adoptee-citizenship-act-2018-bill-summary/.
Pub. L. 106-279 Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 6 Oct. 2000, www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/PUBLAW/HTML/PUBLAW/0-0-0-21811.html.
“State Recognition of Intercountry Adoptions Finalized Abroad .” Child Welfare Information Gateway, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018, www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/intercountry.pdf.
Stone, Jennifer. “Should You Adopt From A Hague Convention Country?” Adoption.org, adoption.org/adopt-hauge-convention-country.
“The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.” Federation for American Immigration Reform, www.fairus.org/legislation/reports-and-analysis/immigration-and-nationality-act-1952.
“The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (The McCarran-Walter Act).” Office of the Historian , U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/immigration-act.
Understanding the Hague Convention. U.S. Department of State - Bureau of Consular Affairs, travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/understanding-the-hague-convention/convention-countries.html.
“United States Ratifies the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption.” U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State Archive, 12 Dec. 2007, 2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/dec/97148.htm.
Voigt, Kevin, and Sophie Brown. “ISHARE THIS Print Email More Sharing International Adoptions in Decline as Number of Orphans Grows.” CNN, Cable News Network, 17 Sept. 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/world/international-adoption-main-story-decline/index.html.
“What Countries Can Americans NOT Adopt From?” Adoption & Beyond, adoption-beyond.org/what-countries-can-americans-not-adopt-from/.
“What Is #World Adoption Day ?” World Adoption Day RSS, worldadoptionday.org/.
What Is the Hague Convention. Government of Canada , www.cic.gc.ca/english/helpcentre/answer.asp?qnum=1183&top=2.
“Why Are International Adoptions on the Decline?” Nightlight Christian Adoptions, www.nightlight.org/2017/10/international-adoptions-decline/.
Zylstra, Sarah Eekhoff. After Fire Kills 40 Orphans, Guatemala Finally Listens to Evangelicals. Christianity Today, 28 Mar. 2017, www.christianitytoday.com/news/2017/march/40-girls-die-orphanage-fire-guatemala-asks-evangelicals.html.
“A Push to Protect Adult Adoptees From Deportation.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/retroactive-citizenship-adult-adoptees-n318581.
“About National Adoption Day.” National Adoption Day, www.nationaladoptionday.org/.
“Adoption.” U.S. Embassy in Nepal, np.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/child-family-matters/adoption/.
Baitel, Shai. “Russia's Adoption Ban Two Years Later.” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 1 Mar. 2015, www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/russias-adoption-ban-two_b_6399064.html.
“Child Citizenship Act of 2000.” Immigration Information and Visa Law Guide, Law Offices of Curtis Pierce, www.cpvisa.com/Child_Cit_Act.html.
Chishti, Muzaffar, et al. “Fifty Years On, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Continues to Reshape the United States.” Migrationpolicy.org, Migration Policy Institute, 15 Oct. 2015, www.migrationpolicy.org/article/fifty-years-1965-immigration-and-nationality-act-continues-reshape-united-states.
Christopher, Cruise. “Americans Can Again Adopt Vietnamese Children.” Learning English, VOA, 29 Nov. 2014, learningenglish.voanews.com/a/vietnam-restarts-adoptions-of-children-by-americans/2533564.html.
“Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption.” HCCH, Hague Conference on Private International Law, www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/full-text/?cid=69.
Craft, Carrie. “What Is the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption?” Live About, 4 Apr. 2017, www.liveabout.com/hague-convention-on-intercountry-adoption-27310.
Curry, Elizabeth. “Why the Decline in International Adoptions?” Adoption.com, 14 Apr. 2016, adoption.com/why-the-decline-in-international-adoptions.
Editors, History.com. “U.S. Immigration Since 1965.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 5 Mar. 2010, www.history.com/topics/immigration/us-immigration-since-1965.
“FAQ: Child Citizenship Act of 2000.” Travel.State.Gov, U.S. Department of State- Bureau of Consular Affairs, travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/adopt_ref.html.
“Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption; Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000; Consular Officer Procedures in Convention Cases.” Federal Register, National Archives, 30 Oct. 2007, www.federalregister.gov/documents/2007/10/30/E7-21340/hague-convention-on-intercountry-adoption-intercountry-adoption-act-of-2000-consular-officer.
“Hague Process.” Official Website of the Department of Homeland Security, US Citizenship and Immigration Services, 19 Oct. 2017, www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/hague-process.
“History of National Adoption Month.” National Adoption Month 2018 In Their Own Words: Lifting Up Youth Voices, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, www.childwelfare.gov/topics/adoption/nam/about/history/.
Hosseini, Bijan. “Ethiopia Bans Foreign Adoption.” CNN, Cable News Network, 3 Feb. 2018, www.cnn.com/2018/01/11/africa/ethiopia-foreign-adoption-ban/index.html.
“Immigration and Nationality Act.” Official Website of the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, www.uscis.gov/legal-resources/immigration-and-nationality-act.
Intercountry Adoption Act. International Adoption Help, www.internationaladoptionhelp.com/international_adoption/intercountry_adoption_act.htm.
“Intercountry Adoption Act.” Child Adoption Laws , www.childadoptionlaws.com/child_adoption_laws/adoption_laws_intercountry_adoption_act.htm.
Joyce, Kathryn. “Why Adoption Plays Such a Big, Contentious Role in US-Russia Relations.” Vox.com, Vox Media, 22 July 2017, www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/7/21/16005500/adoption-russia-us-orphans-abuse-trump.
Kopan, Tal. “Why Is Everyone Talking about Russian Adoptions?” CNN Politics, CNN, 21 July 2017, www.cnn.com/2017/07/21/politics/russian-adoptions-magnitsky-act/index.html.
Lipman, Masha. “What's Behind the Russian Adoption Ban?” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 21 Dec. 2012, www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/whats-behind-the-russian-adoption-ban.
Martin, Rachel. “American To Stand Trial Over Guatemalan Adoptions.” NPR, NPR, 27 Apr. 2017, www.npr.org/2017/04/27/525833219/american-to-stand-trial-over-guatemalan-adoptions.
Mellon, Jennifer. “Why Some Countries Are Closed To Intercountry Adoption.” Adoption.com, 1 Apr. 2017, adoption.com/why-some-countries-are-closed-to-intercountry-adoption.
Montgomery, Mark. “International Adoptions Have Dropped 72 Percent since 2005 – Here's Why.” The Conversation, The Conversation, 28 Feb. 2018, theconversation.com/international-adoptions-have-dropped-72-percent-since-2005-heres-why-91809.
“National Adoption Day.” Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption, www.davethomasfoundation.org/our-programs/national-adoption-day/.
“National Adoption Day 2018.” National Awareness Days Events Calendar 2018 & 2019, www.awarenessdays.com/awareness-days-calendar/national-adoption-day-2018/.
Nehrbass, Daniel. “Why Are International Adoptions on the Decline?” RainbowKids.com, 7 Feb. 2018, www.rainbowkids.com/adoption-stories/why-are-international-adoptions-on-the-decline-2123.
Penichet-Paul, Christian. “Adoptee Citizenship Act of 2018: Bill Summary.” National Immigration Forum, 22 Mar. 2018, immigrationforum.org/article/adoptee-citizenship-act-2018-bill-summary/.
Pub. L. 106-279 Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 6 Oct. 2000, www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/PUBLAW/HTML/PUBLAW/0-0-0-21811.html.
“State Recognition of Intercountry Adoptions Finalized Abroad .” Child Welfare Information Gateway, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018, www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/intercountry.pdf.
Stone, Jennifer. “Should You Adopt From A Hague Convention Country?” Adoption.org, adoption.org/adopt-hauge-convention-country.
“The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.” Federation for American Immigration Reform, www.fairus.org/legislation/reports-and-analysis/immigration-and-nationality-act-1952.
“The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (The McCarran-Walter Act).” Office of the Historian , U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/immigration-act.
Understanding the Hague Convention. U.S. Department of State - Bureau of Consular Affairs, travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/understanding-the-hague-convention/convention-countries.html.
“United States Ratifies the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption.” U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State Archive, 12 Dec. 2007, 2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/dec/97148.htm.
Voigt, Kevin, and Sophie Brown. “ISHARE THIS Print Email More Sharing International Adoptions in Decline as Number of Orphans Grows.” CNN, Cable News Network, 17 Sept. 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/world/international-adoption-main-story-decline/index.html.
“What Countries Can Americans NOT Adopt From?” Adoption & Beyond, adoption-beyond.org/what-countries-can-americans-not-adopt-from/.
“What Is #World Adoption Day ?” World Adoption Day RSS, worldadoptionday.org/.
What Is the Hague Convention. Government of Canada , www.cic.gc.ca/english/helpcentre/answer.asp?qnum=1183&top=2.
“Why Are International Adoptions on the Decline?” Nightlight Christian Adoptions, www.nightlight.org/2017/10/international-adoptions-decline/.
Zylstra, Sarah Eekhoff. After Fire Kills 40 Orphans, Guatemala Finally Listens to Evangelicals. Christianity Today, 28 Mar. 2017, www.christianitytoday.com/news/2017/march/40-girls-die-orphanage-fire-guatemala-asks-evangelicals.html.
Reference List for Blog
Baden, Amanda L., et al. “Reclaiming Culture: Reculturation of Transracial and International Adoptees.” Journal of Counseling & Development, vol. 90, no. 4, 2012, pp. 387–399., doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2012.00049.x.
Darnell, Farnad J., et al. “Adoption and Identity Experiences Among Adult Transnational Adoptees: A Qualitative Study.” Adoption Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 2, May 2016, pp. 155–166., doi:10.1080/10926755.2016.1217574.
Dwyer, Sonya Corbin, and Lynn Gidluck. “Talking about Adoption: Considerations for Multicultural Counsellors When Working with Transracial Families.” Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, vol. 3, no. 1, 2012, pp. 61–71., doi:10.1080/21507686.2011.633214.
Gomillion, Sarah C., and Traci A. Giuliano. “The Influence of Media Role Models on Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity.” Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 58, no. 3, 22 Feb. 2011, pp. 330–354., doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.546729.
Lee, Jaegoo, et al. “A Path Analysis of a Cultural and Racial Socialization Model in International Transracial Adoption: Racial Awareness, Self-Efficacy, and Socialization Practices.” Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 85, 5 Jan. 2018, pp. 333–340., doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.002.
Mastro, Dana. “Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Media Content and Effects.” Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Oxford University Press, 26 Sept. 2017, oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-122.
Montgomery, Jordan E., and Nickolas A. Jordan. “Racial–Ethnic Socialization and Transracial Adoptee Outcomes: A Systematic Research Synthesis.” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, vol. 35, no. 5, 16 Apr. 2018, pp. 439–458., doi:10.1007/s10560-018-0541-9.
Nelson, Rebecca. “Emotional Preparation for a Birth Country Visit.” RainbowKids.com, RainbowKids Adoption & Child Welfare Agency, 5 Dec. 2017, www.rainbowkids.com/adoption-stories/emotional-preparation-for-a-birth-country-visit-2105.
Sonnichsen, Amy L. Red Butterfly. Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 2016.
Stigger, Judy. “Planning a Homeland Visit: A Professional's Perspective.” The Cradle, 12 May 2016, www.cradle.org/blog/planning-homeland-visit-professional’s-perspective.
Triseliotis, John, et al. “The Adoption Triangle Revisited: A Study of Adoption, Search and Reunion Experiences Summary.” The Adoption Triangle Revisited: A Study of Adoption, Search and Reunion Experiences Summary, British Association for Adoption and Fostering, 2005, www.researchgate.net/publication/265047307_The_Adoption_Triangle_Revisited/download.
Wang, Feng, et al. “The End of China's One-Child Policy.” Brookings.edu, The Brookings Institution, 28 July 2016, www.brookings.edu/articles/the-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy/.
Watkins, Mary, and Susan M Fisher. Talking with Young Children about Adoption. Yale University Press, 1993.
Darnell, Farnad J., et al. “Adoption and Identity Experiences Among Adult Transnational Adoptees: A Qualitative Study.” Adoption Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 2, May 2016, pp. 155–166., doi:10.1080/10926755.2016.1217574.
Dwyer, Sonya Corbin, and Lynn Gidluck. “Talking about Adoption: Considerations for Multicultural Counsellors When Working with Transracial Families.” Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, vol. 3, no. 1, 2012, pp. 61–71., doi:10.1080/21507686.2011.633214.
Gomillion, Sarah C., and Traci A. Giuliano. “The Influence of Media Role Models on Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity.” Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 58, no. 3, 22 Feb. 2011, pp. 330–354., doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.546729.
Lee, Jaegoo, et al. “A Path Analysis of a Cultural and Racial Socialization Model in International Transracial Adoption: Racial Awareness, Self-Efficacy, and Socialization Practices.” Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 85, 5 Jan. 2018, pp. 333–340., doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.002.
Mastro, Dana. “Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Media Content and Effects.” Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Oxford University Press, 26 Sept. 2017, oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-122.
Montgomery, Jordan E., and Nickolas A. Jordan. “Racial–Ethnic Socialization and Transracial Adoptee Outcomes: A Systematic Research Synthesis.” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, vol. 35, no. 5, 16 Apr. 2018, pp. 439–458., doi:10.1007/s10560-018-0541-9.
Nelson, Rebecca. “Emotional Preparation for a Birth Country Visit.” RainbowKids.com, RainbowKids Adoption & Child Welfare Agency, 5 Dec. 2017, www.rainbowkids.com/adoption-stories/emotional-preparation-for-a-birth-country-visit-2105.
Sonnichsen, Amy L. Red Butterfly. Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 2016.
Stigger, Judy. “Planning a Homeland Visit: A Professional's Perspective.” The Cradle, 12 May 2016, www.cradle.org/blog/planning-homeland-visit-professional’s-perspective.
Triseliotis, John, et al. “The Adoption Triangle Revisited: A Study of Adoption, Search and Reunion Experiences Summary.” The Adoption Triangle Revisited: A Study of Adoption, Search and Reunion Experiences Summary, British Association for Adoption and Fostering, 2005, www.researchgate.net/publication/265047307_The_Adoption_Triangle_Revisited/download.
Wang, Feng, et al. “The End of China's One-Child Policy.” Brookings.edu, The Brookings Institution, 28 July 2016, www.brookings.edu/articles/the-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy/.
Watkins, Mary, and Susan M Fisher. Talking with Young Children about Adoption. Yale University Press, 1993.